Mount Eruption in Indonesia is a natural phenomenon that has a significant impact on the environment and society. As a country with many active volcanoes, Indonesia faces major challenges due to eruptions which can affect the ecosystem and people’s daily lives. The environmental impacts of volcanic eruptions are extensive. First, the eruption produces volcanic ash which can spread hundreds of kilometers. This ash contains minerals that are often beneficial to the soil, but in large quantities can be detrimental to agriculture. Sun cover due to ash clouds also disrupts plant photosynthesis, affecting agricultural yields in the affected areas. Second, lava slides and lava flows can destroy natural habitats. Local vegetation and fauna are often unable to survive the heat and volcanic materials. This loss of biodiversity has a long-term impact on the ecosystem, thereby affecting the food chain and biological balance. From a social perspective, volcanic eruptions can result in population displacement. Many villages were forced to be evacuated to maintain the safety of residents. The evacuation process often causes chaos and trauma for the community. After a disaster, many refugees lose their homes, jobs, and access to basic services. Social life is also affected through damage to infrastructure. Roads, bridges and other public facilities could be destroyed, resulting in isolated areas. This poses major challenges for aid delivery and post-disaster recovery, given the urgent need for medical assistance, food and shelter. In addition, volcanic eruptions have an impact on the local economy. The tourism sector, which often relies on natural beauty, could be disrupted if tourist locations are affected by eruptions. Conversely, some areas could experience an economic boom due to increased demand for volcanic materials for construction. In a health context, the impact of toxic smoke and fine particles from volcanic eruptions can cause respiratory problems for people. Children and the elderly are groups that are more vulnerable to this disease. People’s mental health is also threatened due to stress and trauma caused by disasters. Disaster risk management is very important. Early warning systems and education about disasters must be empowered to reduce community vulnerability. Communities need to be encouraged to build resilience to disasters through structured evacuation drills and drills. Thus, volcanic eruptions in Indonesia are not only an environmental problem but also a complex social challenge. Increasing public awareness and preparation is very necessary to face potential disasters arising from volcanic activity. Collaborative efforts between governments, non-governmental organizations and local communities are essential to minimize adverse impacts and facilitate effective post-disaster recovery.
