Geopolitical dynamics in East Asia is a topic that is increasingly attracting world attention, especially with increasing tensions between major countries. Since the 21st century, this region has been the center of strategic competition between the United States, China, and Japan, and its impact on ASEAN countries. One of the main factors in this dynamic is China’s rapid economic growth. As the second largest economic power in the world, China is not only changing the economic landscape, but also strengthening its military position. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project reflects China’s ambition to build profitable global trade routes, as well as increase its influence in Southeast Asia and beyond. Countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia view Chinese investment as an opportunity, despite concerns about economic dependency. On the other hand, Japan is actively strengthening strategic partnerships with other countries, especially through defense cooperation. The security agreement with Australia and collaboration with India in the Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) demonstrate Japan’s efforts to deal with China’s increasing influence. Japan is also trying to increase its defense budget to maintain territorial sovereignty, including disputed islands in the East China Sea. Meanwhile, ASEAN is trying to maintain balance by involving all parties in dialogue. Forums such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) provide a platform for security discussions, where countries can share views and reduce tensions. However, challenges arise from ASEAN’s internal divisions, where member states have different interests regarding their relations with China and the US. This creates difficulties in issuing coherent policies. Tensions in the South China Sea are the main focus. China claims almost the entire region, which conflicts with the claims of neighboring countries such as the Philippines, Vietnam and Brunei. These tensions often trigger military incidents and increased US naval presence in an effort to maintain freedom of navigation. The consequences of this dynamic can be seen in the domestic politics of these countries, where leaders often use anti-Chinese sentiment to gain support. Civil society in this region is also starting to play an active role in geopolitics. The pro-democracy movement in Hong Kong and Taiwan attracted international support, especially from Western countries. This highlights a severe shift in the way these countries communicate with global powers, showing that people’s voices can influence foreign policy. The big question that arises is how countries in East Asia will respond to this dynamic in the future. While China continues to expand its global ambitions, other countries in the region are required to find ways to collaborate without compromising their sovereignty. A multi-interest approach and careful diplomacy may be the key to mitigating risks and promoting stability in this fragile region.
