A state of emergency is a legal framework that allows governments to implement specific regulations when a situation threatens the safety of citizens or public order. Oftentimes, such situations are created by natural disasters or human-made ones like terrorist attacks and civil unrest.
When a state of emergency is declared, the President has sweeping powers to take control of the nation and its people. During this time, the President can make any necessary regulations that are “reasonably justifiable for the purpose of dealing with the situation that exists during the period in question” (ss. 4 and 5 of the Constitution).
At a local or regional level, a declaration can allow authorities to impose curfews and restrict where people may travel and gather. Other restrictions can include limiting the availability of goods or services, rationing, and mandatory evacuations.
During a state of emergency, the Federal Government can provide financial assistance and dispatch personnel to assist states in their relief efforts. State and local leaders can also use the declaration to ease any regulation that is otherwise applicable, such as the need for permits, to promote recovery efforts or to waive some other type of requirement that would normally apply to organizations or individuals impacted by the crisis.
In some instances, a state of emergency can be extended by a majority vote in the parliament. This extension can last up to 90 days. During this period, the Constitution and electoral laws can’t be changed, the parliament cannot be dissolved, elections for local governments or referendums aren’t allowed to be held, and the government must act in proportionality with the level of risk.